Secondary 2 History Chapter 10 Supplementary Notes

PUBLIC HEALTH AND MEDICAL SERVICES

• Medical services are used for treating diseases and benefit those who are sick
  
• Public health services are for preventing diseases and benefit the general public including those who are sick and those who are not.

In the 19th Century, the government did not provide enough medical and public health facilities. Many people were dying of diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis (TB), beri-beri, diarrhoea and cholera. The government saw the need to improve the situation.


Health and medical services began in Singapore as early as the 19th Century under the British Colonial rule. The PAP government continues to make changes and improvements to the system.


Professor W J Simpson an expert from England did a Sanitary Report on Singapore and reported that most people were living in dark, overcrowded and poorly ventilated homes. There was no proper sanitation and toilets were dirty and unhygienic as the removal of night-soil was done by the bucket system. Moreover, there were many mosquito breeding places such as swamps and clogged drains. The government decided to make improvements to the situation.


As a result of the report, the Municipal Council (council in charge of town planning uHE nder the British rule in Singapore) spent large sums of money on improving public health:

1. The Municipal engineers built a network of underground sewage pipes to provide households with modern sanitation.
2. The town was provided with a better supply of clean piped water from reservoirs.
3. Incinerators were used to burn rubbish
4. The Singapore Improvement Trust cleared away slums.
5. Anti-mosquito measures were carried out.

In the 20th Century, the colonial government provided more medical services:

1. More hospitals were built - the third Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Middleton Hospital, a bigger General Hospital, the Kandang Kerbau Maternity Hospital and other hospitals.
2. More maternal and child health clinics were opened
3. The school health services were started.
   

Two private hospitals were built in the early years of this century:

1. Kwong Wai Shiu Hospital
2. St Andrew's Mission Hospital

A medical college was set up in 1905 to train local doctors.



Post-war medical developments:

1. The Singapore Anti-Tuberculosis Association (SATA) was formed to fight tuberculosis.
2. A number of hospitals were upgraded and turned into 'general hospitals'.
3. A number of clinics were turned into polyclinics.
4. A network of dental clinics was set up in schools.

The work of the Ministry of Environment:

1. It looks after public health services.
2. It controls hawkers to make sure they are clean.
3. It ensures that environmental health laws are obeyed by the public.

All these developments in medical services and environmental health services have helped to make Singapore a clean and healthy city.

Chapter 9 Merger and Separation Lesson PPT

Chapter 9 Merger and Separation

. Reasons for a merger with Malaya

. Reasons for Separation



Do you agree that the merger is an union of convenience? Explain


Why Singapore wanted a Merger with Malaya

1a) Economic Reasons - Need for a hinterland

. Declining entrepot trade and growth of industrialisation

. Need for raw materials

. Increasing population & demand for jobs


1b) Economic Reasons – Need for a Common Market

. With Malaya’s independence 1957, tariffs imposed on goods with Singapore

. Merger can provide for a Common Market where goods can be bought and sold freely without taxes

. Increase trade, expand industries and create more jobs



2a) Political Reason – Desire for Independence

. British unwilling to grant Singapore independence

. Too small a country, not confident of Singapore’s economic survival

. Concerned about communist threat in Spore

. With merger, Malaya’s raw materials and economic development would ensure Spore economic vibrancy

. With merger, communist threat would be checked by Malayan government



Malaya’s Hesitation

. Upsetting the racial balance

. Pro-communist support by the Chinese


Change of Mind

. Turmoil within the PAP

. Split between the moderates and radicals

. Malaya worried split would enable radicals to capture power from PAP



Reasons for Separation


1a) Political Reasons – 1963 Elections in Spore

. UMNO, MCA & MIC formed Spore Alliance

. PAP rejected Tunku’s proposal

. Spore Alliance lost all 3 seats

. Signal that Spore Malays not for communal politics

. UMNO unhappy and vowed to reorganise Spore Alliance to challenge PAP

. Strained relationship


1b) Political Reasons - 1964 Federal Elections

. PAP sent 17 candidates for Federal Elections

. Upset the Alliance Party in KL

. Seen as challenge to its supremacy

. Relationship further strained over PAP’s criticism of MCA as poor representative of urban Chinese in Malaya

. Also unhappy over PAP declaration to help build a Malaysia not based on racial lines

. Both parties lost confidence in each other



2a) Social Reasons – PAP’s programmes

. PAP’s plans to redevelop Crawford, Kampong Glam & Rochor Areas

. UMNO started anti-PAP campaign through Utusan Melayu

. Strained relationships as these speeches increased tensions between the races in Spore

. Tensions escalated with more anti-PAP speeches and resulted in the 1964 Racial Riots


2b) Social Reasons – Malaysian Malaysia

. Spore Alliance announced major reorganisation for Spore state election in 1967

. In response, PAP started by Malaysian Solidarity Convention (formed by PAP to create united opposition to communal-based Alliance)

. all Malaysians, regardless of race, language or religion, to be given equal opportunities

. UMNO saw this as attack on Malay rights and privileges demanded arrest of Lee Kuan Yew


3a) Economic Reasons – Pioneer Certificates

. Spore felt that KL was reluctant to grant PC to new industries to Spore

. Only 2 out of 69 approved

. Spore would lack behind other states in economic growth

. KL wanted to spread new industries throughout Malaysia and not just Spore


3b) Economic Reasons – Common Market

. KL not keen to set up CM though agreed to do so

. Spore goods to Malaya continued to be taxed

. Investors not keen to set up factories in Spore

. Attractive financial packages to set up businesses in Malaya

. Spore felt that it defeats the purpose of having a merger as no CM was provided for


3c) Economic Reasons – Spore’s contributions

. KL demanded that Spore contribution of its revenue be raised from 40% to 60%

. This was to pay for the cost of dealing with the Indonesian Confrontation

. Spore refused as it would cripple its economy

. This strained relations as UMNO would not be able to introduce policies well if the various states refuse to its proposals


3d) Economic Reasons – Bank of China

. KL proposed closing of Bank of China in Singapore

. KL felt that funds were sent from bank to communists in northern Malaya

. Singapore was not for it as the bank played an important role in Singapore-China trade; Chinese goods were affordable for Singaporeans